Converting between JSON and XML

This tutorial shows how to implement convert JSON document (represented using the JsonValue type discussed in JSON parser article) to an XML document (represented as XElement) and the other way round. This functionality is not directly available in the FSharp.Data package, but it can be very easily implemented by recursively walking over the JSON (or XML) document.

If you want to use the JSON to/from XML conversion in your code, you can copy the source from GitHub and just include it in your project. If you use these functions often and would like to see them in the FSharp.Data package, please submit a feature request.

Initialization

We will be using the LINQ to XML API (available in System.Xml.Linq.dll) and the JsonValue which is available in the FSharp.Data namespace:

#r "System.Xml.Linq.dll"

open System.Xml.Linq
open FSharp.Data

In this script, we create a conversion that returns an easy to process value, but the conversion is not reversible (e.g. converting JSON to XML and then back to JSON will produce a different value).

Converting XML to JSON

Although XML and JSON are quite similar formats, there are a number of subtle differences. In particular, XML distinguishes between attributes and child elements. Moreover, all XML elements have a name, while JSON arrays or records are anonymous (but records have named fields). Consider, for example, the following XML:

<channel version="1.0">
  <title text="Sample input" />
  <item value="First" />
  <item value="Second" />
</channel>

The JSON that we produce will ignore the top-level element name (channel). It produces a record that contains a unique field for every attribute and the name of a child element. If an element appears multiple times, it is turned into an array:

{ "version": "1.0",
  "title": { "text": "Sample input" },
  "items": [ { "value": "First" },
             { "value": "Second" } ]  }

As you can see, the item element has been automatically pluralized to items and the array contains two record values that consist of the value attribute.

The conversion function is a recursive function that takes an XElement and produces JsonValue. It builds JSON records (using JsonValue.Record) and arrays (using JsonValue.Array). All attribute values are turned into JsonValue.String - the sample does not implement a more sophisticated conversion that would turn numeric attributes to a corresponding JSON type:

/// Creates a JSON representation of a XML element
let rec fromXml (xml: XElement) =

    // Create a collection of key/value pairs for all attributes
    let attrs =
        [ for attr in xml.Attributes() -> (attr.Name.LocalName, JsonValue.String attr.Value) ]

    // Function that turns a collection of XElement values
    // into an array of JsonValue (using fromXml recursively)
    let createArray xelems =
        [| for xelem in xelems -> fromXml xelem |]
        |> JsonValue.Array

    // Group child elements by their name and then turn all single-
    // element groups into a record (recursively) and all multi-
    // element groups into a JSON array using createArray
    let children =
        xml.Elements()
        |> Seq.groupBy (fun x -> x.Name.LocalName)
        |> Seq.map (fun (key, childs) ->
            match Seq.toList childs with
            | [ child ] -> key, fromXml child
            | children -> key + "s", createArray children)

    // Concatenate elements produced for child elements & attributes
    Array.append (Array.ofList attrs) (Array.ofSeq children)
    |> JsonValue.Record

Converting JSON to XML

When converting JSON value to XML, we fact the same mismatch. Consider the following JSON value:

{ "title" : "Sample input",
  "paging" : { "current": 1 },
  "items" : [ "First", "Second" ] }

The top-level record does not have a name, so our conversion produces a list of XObject values that can be wrapped into an XElement by the user (who has to specify the root name). Record fields that are a primitive value are turned into attributes, while complex values (array or record) become objects:

<root title="Sample input">
  <items>
    <item>First</item>
    <item>Second</item>
  </items>
  <paging current="1" />
</root>

The conversion function is, again, implemented as a recursive function. This time, we use pattern matching to distinguish between the different possible cases of JsonValue. The cases representing a primitive value simply return the value as obj, while array and record construct nested element(s) or attribute:

/// Creates an XML representation of a JSON value (works
/// only when the top-level value is an object or an array)
let toXml (x: JsonValue) =
    // Helper functions for constructing XML
    // attributes and XML elements
    let attr name value =
        XAttribute(XName.Get name, value) :> XObject

    let elem name (value: obj) =
        XElement(XName.Get name, value) :> XObject

    // Inner recursive function that implements the conversion
    let rec toXml =
        function
        // Primitive values are returned as objects
        | JsonValue.Null -> null
        | JsonValue.Boolean b -> b :> obj
        | JsonValue.Number number -> number :> obj
        | JsonValue.Float number -> number :> obj
        | JsonValue.String s -> s :> obj

        // JSON object becomes a collection of XML
        // attributes (for primitives) or child elements
        | JsonValue.Record properties ->
            properties
            |> Array.map (fun (key, value) ->
                match value with
                | JsonValue.String s -> attr key s
                | JsonValue.Boolean b -> attr key b
                | JsonValue.Number n -> attr key n
                | JsonValue.Float n -> attr key n
                | _ -> elem key (toXml value))
            :> obj

        // JSON array is turned into a
        // sequence of <item> elements
        | JsonValue.Array elements ->
            elements
            |> Array.map (fun item -> elem "item" (toXml item))
            :> obj

    // Perform the conversion and cast the result to sequence
    // of objects (may fail for unexpected inputs!)
    (toXml x) :?> XObject seq

Related articles

• API Reference: JsonValue
• JSON Parser - a tutorial that introduces JsonValue for working with JSON values dynamically.
• JSON Type Provider - discusses F# type provider that provides type-safe access to JSON data.
• XML Type Provider - discusses the F# type provider that provides type-safe access to XML data.